Pain management is an area of clinical practices connected to pain treatment and symptom control in a variety of forms, ranging from acute and short to chronic and complex. Clinicians and practitioners can aid with pain management in the process of their regular activity, and for more complicated cases, they can seek support from a subspecialty dedicated to pain management called pain medicine. Generally, pain specialists take the initiative in navigating various interventions (Iannaccone et al., 2019). Anyone suffering from pain can benefit from a multidisciplinary methodology to pain management to alleviate their discomfort and enhance the standard of living.
Concerning the PICO/PICo framework, which is related to research question generation, it is feasible to emphasize several notions. The pain management clinical issue refers to the problem of patients, including children, that have to endure severe bouts of pain during the active phase of disease treatment. Conventional pain management interventions include medications, physical and psychological interventions, mind-body practices, and community support groups. Furthermore, alternative pain treatment methods involving caregivers might be beneficial supplements to traditional pain therapy interventions (Yasmeen et al., 2020). Considering the feature of context, pain is modulated by social context and, in contrast, poses a danger to social inclusion. Utilizing PICo methodology, the research question was formed: Do distraction tactics employing toys and devices during immunization administration lead to decreased pain levels in children when opposed to absence of intervention?
An effective search strategy includes the use of appropriate database search processors and limiters in order to encompass search phrases. A literature search was conducted to investigate the problem and evaluate the potential and practical features of interventions. The purpose of the search was to describe pain management, its approaches, and various clinical implications that assist patients in reducing the level of discomfort. Using the search strategy, it is feasible to emphasize the usage of Nursing and Midwifery databases, primarily, CINAHL plus.
Keywords related to pain management, multidisciplinary approach, acute pain, chronic pain, severe discomfort, patient, and their combinations served as queries. For instance, a search was conducted using “pain management interventions,” “pain,” “multidisciplinary approach in pain management,” “primary care,” “intervention,” “chronic pain treatment,” and similar keywords. For search convenience, specific delimiters were established: “Clinical Trial,” “Randomized Controlled Trial,” “Systematic Review,” “Survey,” “5 Years,” and other requirements. Articles for analysis were selected using set inclusion and exclusion criteria, and as a result, it was possible to identify the exact articles that remained for analysis. The included articles had to correspond to the topic, be written in English, be published in the peer-reviewed journal over the past five years, and had U.S. origin; publications not meeting these criteria were excluded.
For the section regarding the critique of an article, the paper “Development of an internet-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy program for use in combination with exercise therapy and education” was initially selected. According to the study, following total knee arthroplasty, approximately 20% of individuals suffer from chronic pain, and given the growing number of surgeries, this will impact an increasing percentage of individuals globally (Rognsvåg et al., 2021). The current study elaborated an internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy solution to be used in conjunction with exercise treatment for people with knee osteoarthritis who are at a risk of persistent pain regarding knee arthroplasty (Rognsvåg et al., 2021). The research’s purpose is to design and personalize a program for patients who are at a higher risk of pain (Rognsvåg et al., 2021). The authors Rognsvåg, T., Lindberg, M. F., Lerdal, A., Stubberud, J. et al. attempted to determine and highlight psychological and behavioral health aspects related to pain management and treatment.
To provide a thorough critique of the chosen article, it is possible to apply the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme. This appraisal tool is mainly connected to validity of the study, its major results and outcomes, and the feasibility to use the results in a local setting (Critical Appraisal Skills Programme, 2018). The review addressed a clearly focused question regarding creating a program to be used in combination with exercise and treatment for individuals with knee osteoarthritis who are at a risk of chronic pain. In fact, the paper additionally underlined the potential usefulness of pain management for improving the treatment procedures. According to another research, for instance, cancer patients may benefit from pain management therapies that relieve pain and other symptoms and side effects (Hochberg et al., 2020). Moreover, the study illustrated that patients with negative thinking, faulty disease perception, poor psychological health, panic, and depression can require specialized pain management treatment (Rognsvåg et al., 2021). Thus, the article identified the question of chronic pain, its repercussions, and provided a review with an analysis of feasible solutions for creating a beneficial program.
The authors looked for the right type of papers since using the UK Medical Research Council framework, peer-reviewed studies on pain management and traumatology were elicited. Furthermore, important and relevant articles were included in the review since they were selected concerning appropriate terms, for example, mental health, behavioral health, and chronic pain. A literature evaluation of recommendations for the administration of knee osteoarthritis patients and behavioral interventions in individuals was undertaken to determine the existing evidence (Rognsvåg et al., 2021). The authors assessed quality of the included studies since it is feasible to emphasize the comparison of various references related to multidisciplinary approaches to pain and psychological interventions. The results of all the included studies were clearly displayed, all references were properly cited and used for making conclusions.
Highlighting the overall outcomes of the paper, as there is a huge overlap between sadness and anxiety and chronic pain, mental and behavioral health variables should be an essential part of pain management. Physiotherapists will guide people through the course since it is designed to be used in tandem with an exercise rehabilitation and education system. On the contrary, the results cannot be described as precise since there is a lack of exact and numerical data. The outcomes of the article can be potentially applied to local population since the conclusions are general and encompass wide ranges of possible implications and repercussions, including real clinical practices. Moreover, some other valuable information could have been included, for instance, figures and quantitative data. At the same time, the benefits are worth the harms and costs since the authors provided diverse conclusions examining professional literature and describing the development of a separate program.
Considering the strengths of the study, the authors described beneficial aspects of the issue, for instance, the first development of an iCBT approach for patients with knee osteoarthritis and those having total knee replacement surgery. In addition, other works support the intervention of pain therapy, for example, the results of a study substantially highlight the benefits of a cancer pain management recovery program (Chee et al., 2020). In terms of the weaknesses, it is possible to state that the scholars did not mention the features of virtual, online and electronic pain management programs as potential non-conventional interventions. To underline limitations, iCBT has only been examined in a limited randomized controlled experiment with 69 individuals for the clinical study in this research (Rognsvåg et al., 2021). Referring to the implications, the intervention can assist numerous patients and community by lowering the expenditures related to chronic pain (Rognsvåg et al., 2021). In terms of further understanding, the iCBT methodology elaborated in the research might be beneficial in the therapy of knee osteoarthritis.
References
Chee, W., Lee, Y., Ji, X., Chee, E., & Im, E.-O. (2020). The preliminary efficacy of a technology-based cancer pain management program among Asian American breast cancer survivors. Computers, Informatics, Nursing: CIN, 38(3), 139–147. Web.
Critical Appraisal Skills Programme. (2018). CASP systematic review checklist. Web.
Hochberg, U., Minerbi, A., Boucher, L.-M., & Perez, J. (2020). Interventional pain management for cancer pain: An analysis of outcomes and predictors of clinical response. Pain Physician, 23(5), E451–E460.
Iannaccone, F., Nielson, P., Adigun, H., & Kaufman, A. (2019). What are future pain physicians learning? A survey of opioid prescribing practices among US pain fellowship programs. Pain Physician, 22(6), 549–554. Web.
Rognsvåg, T., Lindberg, M. F., Lerdal, A., Stubberud, J., Furnes, O., Holm, I., Indrekvam, K., Lau, B., Rudsengen, D., Skou, S.T., & Badawy, M. (2021). Development of an internet-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy program for use in combination with exercise therapy and education by patients at increased risk of chronic pain following total knee arthroplasty. BMC Health Services Research, 21(1), 1-14. Web.
Yasmeen, I., Krewulak, K. D., Zhang, C., Stelfox, H. T., & Fiest, K. M. (2020). The effect of caregiver-facilitated pain management interventions in hospitalized patients on patient, caregiver, provider, and health system outcomes: A systematic review. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 60(5), 1034. Web.