Qualitative Design Chart

• Case studies are forms of qualitative research that focus on answering a research problem through investigating a single person, people with similar traits, or a single group of persons (Maxwell, 2012).

• Qualitative case studies are pragmatic in nature and involve a series of data collection techniques (Maxwell, 2012).
• Data collection may involve the use of interview schedules, or the open-ended questionnaires

• The collected data must undergo an analysis process.
• Data analysis may take the form of discourse or conversation analysis.

• The aim of the case studies is to make a problem understandable from an individual context commonly referred to as a case or cases (Yin, 2011).

• Case studies use small groups of participants to investigate a common problem and generalize the findings to other contexts or cases.

• The researcher identifies and locates the individuals, who are relevant to the research inquiry and develops a sample of the groups.

• Participant selection considers people or events with unique properties that are requisite to the investigation of the problem (Flick, 2008).

• The discourse analysis is a recognized approach where the researcher analysis the subunits of each case alone (Flick, 2008).
• The analysis entails focusing on the specific structure of the arguments and analyzing the interaction between the responses produced.

• The process entails a series of in-depth interviews that occur in tandem with the data analysis process.
• Data collection entails gathering data from the sampled population, while considering the research ethical principles.

• The researchers investigate the data, sort the arguments, and analyze the information (Flick, 2008).

• The results come in the form of opinions, written texts, and documented lectures (Flick, 2008).

• The qualitative grounded theory is a form of a scientific inquiry that uses iterative techniques to identify concepts within a certain theoretical text (Merriam, 2009).

• Grounded theory may use in-depth semi-structured interviews, direct observations, diaries, or focus groups to collect data (Yin, 2011).
• Researchers may consider a rigorous analytic process of data collection or a simple data-coding plan.

• Grounded theory employs an inductive thematic analysis to analyze data
• Researchers combine inductive thematic analysis and iterative research design to analyze the data collected from texts.

• A grounded theory approach provides researchers with an opportunity to examine the relationship between certain theories (Yin, 2011).

• A grounded theory also aims at developing a theory from an existing data or recorded information.

• The researcher identifies and locates the required theories that deem relevant to the research inquiry and designs a sample of the groups.

• Grounded theory involves a purposeful selection of qualified data analysts to extract the data of a particular phenomenon.

• Data analysis of the grounded theory takes a descriptive approach where a theoretical data coding style is essential.
• The study also employs a constant comparative analysis and a negative case analysis in sequence (Merriam, 2009).

• The grounded approach uses inductive and analytical data collection techniques to extract data from theories.
• Researchers systematically peruse through theories to identify the themes of discussion from the existing texts.

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• From the chosen texts, researchers undertake a systematic comparison of the texts to develop vital themes.

• Grounded theory involves a comparison of theoretical and practical inferences from the texts.

• An ethnographic qualitative study is a form of scientific inquiry that studies a group of people and most predominantly their culture with an attempt to understand their everyday life and norms (Maxwell, 2012).

• Ethnographic researchers use open-ended questionnaires, direct observations, face-to-face interviews, and simple field notes to collect ethnographic data (Merriam, 2009).
• Ethnographic qualitative research may consider photography as a data collection technique to capture cultural features.

• Content analysis is a common analytical approach that researchers frequently use to analyze ethnographic data collected from the field.
• Document analysis and descriptive statistics may apply in analyzing secondary data from the texts.

• The aim of ethnographic research design is to investigate life phenomena that do not have specific dimensions.

• Ethnographic research design seeks to investigate human behaviors and social constructs, which are often complicated issues (Flick, 2008).

• In the ethnographic research, the researcher identifies participants based on their shared cultural similarities (Flick, 2008).

• Using, purposeful or random sampling, the research distinguishes and samples certain people who are capable of proving information cultural data.

• The analysis of ethnographic information involves assembling all the data collected from the field as sorting it (Yin, 2011).
• The researcher uses qualitative analysis designed in an ethnographic manner to compare, contrast, and record, and code the collected data.

• The ethnographic research involves locating potential observers who provide data (Merriam, 2009).
• The researcher may opt to collect data personally through personal observations and make inferences about a phenomenon (Yin, 2011).

• The long-term fieldwork allows the researcher to grasp and make own inferences about a cultural aspect (Flick, 2008).
• The ethnographic data discussion takes the social constructivism approach and descriptive discussion.

• Phenomenology qualitative research is a form of a primary research approach of a social science and behavioral nature that seeks to explore a scientific research inquiry from a phenomenal perspective (Maxwell, 2012).

• Phenomenological studies use various qualitative data collection instruments and techniques.
• Researchers who use this technique can use questionnaires, observations, interviews, telephone interviews, and focus groups to collect phenomenal data (Baxter & Jack, 2008).

• Interpretative phenomenological analysis is a common data analysis approach.
• Inductive thematic analysis is also an appropriate data analysis technique that phenomenological researchers utilize (Baxter & Jack, 2008).

• Phenomenological studies often seek to investigate survived experiences (Baxter & Jack, 2008).

• Phenomenology techniques aim at investigating life experiences and the way they affect people.
• It focuses on personal notions, experiences, or views.

• Phenomenological researchers often identify a population with certain experiences related to the matter under scrutiny.

• Researchers who use phenomenology study often select and sample their respondents purposefully to obtain real observers or witnesses (Baxter & Jack, 2008).

• The process of analyzing the phenomenological data collected depends on the data instruments used.
• However, data coding is common because it helps researchers to extract the recorded data descriptively from the interview materials (Yin, 2011).

• The designed questions and interviews concentrate specifically on the individual experiences.
• The researchers use focus groups and face-to-face investigations to sort out normative insights and group experiences (Maxwell, 2012).

• A descriptive analysis of the phenomenological data helps researchers to identify the main themes (Merriam, 2009).
• Detailed descriptions of the collected data prevail during the discussion.